Closely held companies me aksar majority shareholders management control use karke minority ko sideline kar dete hain – meetings kam se kam information se bulana, dividends freeze kar dena, related-party deals me company ka nuksaan karna, ya records disclose na karna. Aise cases me oppression and mismanagement petitions ek powerful remedy hain.

Oppression ka matlab hota hai unfair, harsh conduct jo minority ke legal rights aur legitimate expectations ko crush kar raha ho. Mismanagement tab jab affairs aise tareeke se chal rahe ho jo company ke interest ko serious harm pohcha rahe ho.

Tribunals/courts ke paas wide powers hote hain:

• Directors ko remove ya appoint karna,
  
• Related-party transactions cancel karna,
  
• Misused funds wapas recover karna,
  
• Majority ko order dena ki wo minority ke shares fair valuation pe buy-out karein,
  
• Extreme cases me company wind-up tak.
  

Minority ko apne paas documents, emails, board minutes, financial anomalies ka material gather karna hota hai. Sirf “hume pasand nahi” wali argument se case nahi banta.

Idea yeh hai ki company ko dictatorship ya personal fiefdom banne se roka jaye, aur honest investors/partners ka faith protect rahe.